Fig. 10
Copyright 2016, WILEY–VCH Verlag GmbH. B The amine-functionalized graphene modification PMMA bone cement effectively reduced cellular oxidative stress and promoted calcification [163]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. C The hydrophilic graphene oxide optimized both the biomechanical performance and bioactivity of P(MMA-AA-St) bone cement [164]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. D Layered double hydroxides actively participated in cellular signaling through the controlled release of magnesium ions and created a favorable microenvironment for bone formation through their unique layered structure [167]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society
Graphene or LDH nanoparticles modified bone cements for bone regeneration. A Schematic illustrating graphene oxide-copper nanocomposite (GO-Cu) coated calcium phosphate cement for enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis [162].