Fig. 12
Copyright 2021, Elsevier. B Schematic showing zinc-modified calcium silicate/calcium phosphate cement that selectively regulates macrophage phenotypes by promoting M2 while suppressing M1 polarization, leading to enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis [184]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. C Schematic showing strontium/copper-doped borosilicate glass cement that modulates inflammatory gene expression in macrophages, upregulating IL-1Ra and TGF-β1 while downregulating IL-1β and IL-6 [188]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier
Modulating macrophage polarization to reduce microenvironmental inflammation. A Schematic illustrating magnesium-containing microsphere cement that modulates immune microenvironment through macrophage M2 polarization and IL-10 upregulation, promoting vascularization and bone formation [182].