Fig. 6
Regulation of gut microbiota and metabolite by EVs@UiO-66-NH2@siRNA. Comparison of microbial α-diversity assessed by (A) Chao1 index, (B) Shannon index and (C) Simpson index. (D) Principal component (PC) analysis plot illustrating the diversity of microbiota. (E) Column diagram of the relative abundance of gut microbiome at the phylum level. (F) Linear discriminant analysis effect (LEfSe) size illustrating differences in gut microbiota taxa for the DSS group versus the EVs@UiO-66-NH2@siRNA group. (G) Distribution histogram based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). LDA (log10) > 3.0. (H-I) The relative abundance of changes in representative bacterial taxa (H) Klebsiella, (I) Enterobacteriaceae, (J) Bifidobacterium and (K) Faecalibaculum. (L) Volcano plot of the differential metabolites, wherein each point represents a metabolite. Significantly up-regulated metabolites are indicated by red points and significantly down-regulated metabolites are indicated by green points and no difference metabolites are indicated by gray points. (M) Heat map of the differential metabolite clustering in the DSS group and EVs@UiO-66-NH2@siRNA group. (N-Q) The relative abundance of changes in representative differential metabolite (N) histamine, (O) spermidine, (P) cortisol and (Q) corticosterone. (R) KEGG enrichment plot of the differential metabolites in the DSS group and EVs@UiO-66-NH2@siRNA group. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001