Fig. 5

In Vivo Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Modulation of Organoid/GelMA Complexes by Avascular and Vascular Microenvironments. a Schematic representation of the subcutaneous implantation of organoid/GelMA complexes in nude mice. The complexes were divided into two layers, with the upper and lower layers treated with or without Axitinib, resulting in three groups: (+)Axitinib/(+)Axitinib, (−)Axitinib/(−)Axitinib, and (+)Axitinib/(−)Axitinib. b, c Representative H&E and Saf-O/FG staining of implanted organoid/GelMA complexes in the different groups at 2 and 4 weeks. Cartilage matrix is denoted by #, and bone matrix is denoted by *. The upper and lower layers are delineated by white dashed lines. d, e Quantitative analysis of GAG and COL II levels in implanted organoid/GelMA complexes across the groups at 2 and 4 weeks. f, g Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative analysis of CD31 expression in implanted organoid/GelMA complexes across the groups at 2 and 4 weeks. n = 3; *p < 0.05