Fig. 1

Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Obesity Management (Created in https://BioRender.com). This figure illustrates the diverse mechanisms through which phytochemicals exert anti-obesity effects. It shows that polyphenols such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and quercetin enhance fatty acid oxidation, inhibit lipogenesis by downregulating fat synthesis enzymes, and promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, alkaloids like synephrine ephedrine, and caffeine stimulate thermogenesis and increase energy expenditure, while also suppressing appetite by modulating hormones such as leptin and ghrelin. The figure further highlights how certain bioactives influence gut microbiota composition, encouraging the proliferation of beneficial bacteria. Moreover, compounds like curcumin and omega-3 fatty acids contribute anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, thereby mitigating metabolic stress. Collectively, these phytochemicals act on multiple molecular pathways to provide a comprehensive approach to obesity management